feat(CS-2124): finish Assignment 1

Spring-2023/CS-1011/TODO.org

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #+FILETAGS: :college:cs1011:
 ** TODO Group Project
-SCHEDULED: <2024-01-22 Mon> DEADLINE: <2024-02-02 Fri>
+SCHEDULED: <2024-01-28 Sun> DEADLINE: <2024-02-02 Fri>
 
 - Sign up for a Group under the =People= tab in Canvas
 - Due in 2 weeks from today

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@@ -236,18 +682,60 @@ help:
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+	@echo "... C1"
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+	@echo "... C10"
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+	@echo "... C11"
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+	@echo "... C12"
-	@echo "... progs/dynamic-memory/src/main.i"
+	@echo "... C2"
-	@echo "... progs/dynamic-memory/src/main.s"
+	@echo "... C3"
-	@echo "... progs/file-operations/src/main.o"
+	@echo "... C4"
-	@echo "... progs/file-operations/src/main.i"
+	@echo "... C5"
-	@echo "... progs/file-operations/src/main.s"
+	@echo "... C6"
-	@echo "... progs/string-manipulation/src/main.o"
+	@echo "... C7"
-	@echo "... progs/string-manipulation/src/main.i"
+	@echo "... C8"
-	@echo "... progs/string-manipulation/src/main.s"
+	@echo "... C9"
+	@echo "... src/C1.o"
+	@echo "... src/C1.i"
+	@echo "... src/C1.s"
+	@echo "... src/C10.o"
+	@echo "... src/C10.i"
+	@echo "... src/C10.s"
+	@echo "... src/C11.o"
+	@echo "... src/C11.i"
+	@echo "... src/C11.s"
+	@echo "... src/C12.o"
+	@echo "... src/C12.i"
+	@echo "... src/C12.s"
+	@echo "... src/C2.o"
+	@echo "... src/C2.i"
+	@echo "... src/C2.s"
+	@echo "... src/C3.o"
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+	@echo "... src/C3.s"
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Spring-2023/CS-2124/Assignment-1/README.org

@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+#+LATEX_HEADER: \usepackage[margin=0.5in]{geometry}
+
+* Assignment 1
+
+ABC123: =zfp106=
+
+Name: =Price Hiller=
+
+Course: =CS2124=
+
+Section: =0C3=
+
+Semester: =Spring 2024=
+
+** Source Code
+
+The full source code for this project can be found at [[https://gitlab.orion-technologies.io/philler/college/-/tree/Development/Spring-2023/CS-2124/Assignment-1?ref_type=heads]]
+** Running the Programs
+1. Install [[https://cmake.org/download/][cmake]] version 3.25 or greater.
+2. Ensure you have recent version of ~make~ at the time of writing. This project successfully
+   compiles with ~GNU make~ version ~4.4.1~.
+3. Go the directory with ~CMakeLists.txt~ and run ~cmake .~ to generate a Makefile.
+4. Run ~make all~ to compile all the programs.
+5. Go into the newly created ~bin~ directory where all the compiled programs will be output to.
+6. Run the programs in sequence, from ~C1~ to ~C12~ to ensure the file operations work as
+   expected.
+
+** Program Outputs and Question Solutions (C's)
+
+*** C1 (Creation of a new file)
+
+[[./assets/C1-output.png]]
+
+*** C2 (Opening and closing an existing file)
+
+[[./assets/C2-output.png]]
+
+*** C3 (Writing to a file)
+
+[[./assets/C3-output.png]]
+
+*** C4 (Reading from file)
+
+[[./assets/C4-output.png]]
+
+*** C5 (Moving to a specific location in a file (end of file))
+
+[[./assets/C5-output.png]]
+
+*** C6 (Computes string's length and copies one string into another string)
+
+[[./assets/C6-output.png]]
+
+*** C7 (Concatenates(joins) two strings)
+
+[[./assets/C7-output.png]]
+
+*** C8 (Compares two strings)
+
+[[./assets/C8-output.png]]
+
+*** C9 (Converts String to lowercase)
+
+[[./assets/C9-output.png]]
+
+*** C10 (Converts string to uppercase)
+
+[[./assets/C10-output.png]]
+
+*** C11 (Dynamic Memory with Malloc)
+
+[[./assets/C11-output.png]]
+
+*** C12 (Dynamic Memory with Calloc)
+
+[[./assets/C12-output.png]]
+
+*** C13 (Describe the difference between ~malloc~ and ~calloc~)
+
+~malloc~ and ~calloc~ both return a pointer to allocated memory for some purpose. The major
+difference is that ~calloc~, by default, will initialize all elements in that allocated memory
+to the value ~0~ whereas ~malloc~ does not modify anything in that block of memory before
+returning a pointer.
+
+You can achieve a poor man's ~calloc~ by using ~malloc~ with ~memset~ to initialize the
+newly returned block of memory to ~0~ yourself. This will almost certainly be slower than most
+~calloc~ usages as ~calloc~ "knows" the kernel will return something known as a virtual zero page and
+thus will be receiving (on most systems) a chunk of memory that has all its values initialized
+to ~0~ by default. Thus ~calloc~ can "know" when it needs to allocate those ~0~'s itself or if
+it can skip the process and thereby be faster than ~malloc~ + ~memset~.
+
+*** C14 (Explain pointers and pointers to pointers using code)
+
+
+**** *_Write code for pointer and use that code to explain pointers in your own words_*
+
+#+BEGIN_SRC c
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+int main() {
+    char *str = "Hello";
+    while (*str != *"\0") {
+        printf("Pointer Location: %p, Remaining Letters: %s\n", str, str);
+        str++;
+    }
+}
+#+END_SRC
+
+If you run the code above it will output something similar to the following:
+#+BEGIN_SRC
+Pointer Location: 0x402008, Remaining Letters: Hello
+Pointer Location: 0x402009, Remaining Letters: ello
+Pointer Location: 0x40200a, Remaining Letters: llo
+Pointer Location: 0x40200b, Remaining Letters: lo
+Pointer Location: 0x40200c, Remaining Letters: o
+#+END_SRC
+
+As you can see we're progressively incrementing the pointer location by one and outputting the
+remaining letters from the current pointer location to the end of the string until we hit the
+=NULL= character.
+
+The line:
+~char *str = "Hello";~
+is really a pointer to some location that starts with the letter =H= and ends with a =NULL=
+character, =\0=.
+
+By incrementing the pointer by one, we're moving the location it's /pointing/ at by one. After
+the first iteration through the while loop the ~*str~ pointer points at the letter ~e~. After
+the second iteration, ~*str~ points at ~l~, after the third iteration, ~l~, and so on.
+
+In reality a pointer is something that /points/ to a place in memory. It doesn't contain a
+value itself, it merely points to where a value is stored. Hence why the output has the weird
+hex codes for =Pointer Location= like =0x402008=. That hex code is a location in memory known
+as a /memory address/ that ~*str~, the pointer, points to.
+
+
+**** *_Write a code for pointer to pointer and use that code to explain pointer to pointer in your own words_*
+
+A pointer to pointer can be seen in the following code:
+#+BEGIN_SRC c
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+int main() {
+    int some_integer = 106;
+    int *pointer = &some_integer;
+    int **pointer_to_pointer = &pointer;
+    printf("Value: %d\nPointer: %p\nPointer to Pointer: %p\n", some_integer, pointer, pointer_to_pointer);
+}
+#+END_SRC
+
+When we run the above it will output (pointer values may vary):
+#+BEGIN_SRC
+Value: 106
+Pointer: 0x7ffc87ea34d4
+Pointer to Pointer: 0x7ffc87ea34c8
+#+END_SRC
+
+Notice that the ~pointer~ variable has a different address it points to than
+~pointer_to_pointer~.
+
+The ~pointer~ variable points to the memory location of ~some_integer~ and the
+~pointer_to_pointer~ variable points to the memory location of where the ~pointer~ variable is
+stored.
+
+With the above in mind, we can then think of a pointer to a pointer as a double indirection.
+See the following diagram for what this effectively "looks" like:
+#+BEGIN_EXAMPLE
+Pointer to Pointer ----> Pointer ----> Value
+#+END_EXAMPLE
+
+Thus, if we only had the variable ~pointer_to_pointer~ we could access the value all the
+pointers ultimately point to with a multiple dereference like so:
+#+BEGIN_SRC c
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+int main() {
+    int some_integer = 106;
+    int *pointer = &some_integer;
+    int **pointer_to_pointer = &pointer;
+    printf("Deref'd Value from Pointer to Pointer: %d\n", **pointer_to_pointer);
+}
+#+END_SRC
+
+Which will output:
+#+BEGIN_SRC
+Deref'd Value from Pointer to Pointer: 106
+#+END_SRC

Spring-2023/CS-2124/Assignment-1/progs/dynamic-memory/src/main.c

@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-#include <stdio.h>
-int main(void)
-{
-}

Spring-2023/CS-2124/Assignment-1/progs/file-operations/src/main.c

@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-int main(void)
-{
-    printf("1.) Creation of a new file:\n");
-    char fname[] = {"p", "r", "i", "c", "e", ".", "t", "x", "t"};
-    FILE *f = fopen(fname, "w+");
-    printf("Filename: %s\nLocation: %s\n", fname, realpath(fname, NULL));
-}
-
-/**
- * @brief Create a new file  and output the file name and location of the file to STDOUT
- */
-void create_new_file(char* filename) {
-}
-
-/**
- * @brief Open and close an existing file and output the location of the file to STDOUT
- */
-void open_and_close_existing_file() {}
-
-/**
- * @brief Open and write
- */
-void write_to_a_file() {}

Spring-2023/CS-2124/Assignment-1/progs/string-manipulation/src/main.c

@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-int main(void)
-{
-    return 0;
-}

Spring-2023/CS-2124/Assignment-1/src/C1.c

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+#include "src.h"
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+void c1() {
+    FILE *f = fopen(FNAME, "w+");
+    solve(1, "Creation of a new file",
+          fmtstr("Filename: %s\nLocation: %s", FNAME, get_file_path(FNAME)));
+}
+
+int main() {
+    print_header();
+    c1();
+    return 0;
+}
+
+

Spring-2023/CS-2124/Assignment-1/src/C10.c

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+#include "src.h"
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+void c10() {
+    size_t lname_len2 = strlen(LAST_NAME);
+    char *upper_last = malloc(lname_len2);
+    const char *lname = LAST_NAME;
+    char *b = upper_last;
+    while (lname_len2--)
+        *b++ = toupper(*lname++);
+
+    solve(9, "Converts string to uppercase",
+          fmtstr("Original String: %s\nUppercased String: %s", LAST_NAME,
+                 upper_last));
+
+}
+
+int main() {
+    print_header();
+    c10();
+    return 0;
+}

Spring-2023/CS-2124/Assignment-1/src/C11.c

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+#include "src.h"
+#include "src.h"
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+void c11() {
+    int num_elements;
+    printf("Enter number of elements (Malloc): ");
+    scanf("%d", &num_elements);
+    // Allocate the needed memory
+    int *elements = malloc(sizeof(int) * num_elements);
+
+    // Read the values in one by one into the memory
+    printf("Enter elements:\n");
+    int *end_addr = elements + num_elements; // Find end of memory region
+    while (elements < end_addr) {
+        scanf("%d", elements);
+        elements++;
+    }
+    elements--; // Slight offset to ensure correct alignment of the pointer
+
+    printf("\n"); // Insert newline to separator reads from output
+
+    // Reset the pointer to the start of the memory region
+    elements = elements - num_elements;
+    while (num_elements--) {
+        elements++;
+        printf("Memory Address of %d is %p\n", *elements, elements);
+    }
+}
+
+int main() {
+    print_header();
+    c11();
+    return 0;
+}

Spring-2023/CS-2124/Assignment-1/src/C12.c

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+#include "src.h"
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+void c12() {
+    int num_elements;
+    printf("Enter number of elements (Calloc): ");
+    scanf("%d", &num_elements);
+    // Allocate the needed memory
+    int *elements = calloc(num_elements, sizeof(int));
+
+    // Read the values in one by one into the memory
+    printf("Enter elements:\n");
+    int *end_addr = elements + num_elements; // Find end of memory region
+    while (elements < end_addr) {
+        scanf("%d", elements);
+        elements++;
+    }
+    elements--; // Slight offset to ensure correct alignment of the pointer
+
+    printf("\n"); // Insert newline to separator reads from output
+
+    // Reset the pointer to the start of the memory region
+    elements = elements - num_elements;
+    while (num_elements--) {
+        elements++;
+        printf("Memory Address of %d is %p\n", *elements, elements);
+    }
+}
+
+int main() {
+    print_header();
+    c12();
+    return 0;
+}

Spring-2023/CS-2124/Assignment-1/src/C2.c

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+#include "src.h"
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+void c2() {
+    FILE *f = fopen(FNAME, "r");
+    fclose(f);
+    solve(
+        2, "Opening and closing an existing file",
+        fmtstr("Opened and closed file located at: %s", get_file_path(FNAME)));
+}
+
+int main() {
+    print_header();
+    c2();
+    return 0;
+}

Spring-2023/CS-2124/Assignment-1/src/C3.c

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+#include "src.h"
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+void c3() {
+    FILE *f = fopen(FNAME, "w+");
+    fprintf(f, "106");
+    fclose(f);
+    solve(3, "Writing to a file",
+          fmtstr("Wrote '106' to: %s", get_file_path(FNAME)));
+}
+
+int main() {
+    print_header();
+    c3();
+    return 0;
+}

Spring-2023/CS-2124/Assignment-1/src/C4.c

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+#include "src.h"
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+void c4() {
+    FILE *f = fopen(FNAME, "r");
+    int fcontent;
+    fscanf(f, "%d", &fcontent);
+    fclose(f);
+    solve(4, "Reading from file",
+          fmtstr("Read from file: %s\nContent read: %d", FNAME, fcontent));
+}
+
+int main() {
+    print_header();
+    c4();
+    return 0;
+}

Spring-2023/CS-2124/Assignment-1/src/C5.c

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+#include "src.h"
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+void c5() {
+    FILE *f = fopen(FNAME, "r");
+    fseek(f, 0L, SEEK_END);
+    int foffset = ftell(f);
+    fclose(f);
+    solve(5, "Moving to a specific location in a file (end of file)",
+          fmtstr("Location in %s: %d", FNAME, foffset));
+}
+
+int main() {
+    print_header();
+    c5();
+    return 0;
+}

Spring-2023/CS-2124/Assignment-1/src/C6.c

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+#include "src.h"
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+void c6() {
+    size_t str_len = strlen(FIRST_NAME);
+    char *newstr = malloc(str_len + 1);
+    // strcpy is just calling memcpy under
+    // the hood
+    memcpy(newstr, FIRST_NAME, str_len + 1);
+    solve(6,
+          "Computes string's length and copies one string into another string",
+          fmtstr("String: %s, Location %p\nLength: %d\nCopied String: %s, Location: %p", FIRST_NAME, &FIRST_NAME,
+                 str_len, newstr, &newstr));
+}
+
+int main() {
+    print_header();
+    c6();
+    return 0;
+}

Spring-2023/CS-2124/Assignment-1/src/C7.c

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+#include "src.h"
+#include <string.h>
+
+void c7() {
+    char concat_str[strlen(FIRST_NAME) + strlen(LAST_NAME)];
+    strcpy(concat_str, FIRST_NAME);
+    strcat(concat_str, " ");
+    strcat(concat_str, LAST_NAME);
+
+    solve(7, "Concatenates(joins) two strings",
+          fmtstr("First & Last Name Concatenated: %s", concat_str));
+}
+
+int main() {
+    print_header();
+    c7();
+    return 0;
+}

Spring-2023/CS-2124/Assignment-1/src/C8.c

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+#include "src.h"
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+void c8() {
+    char *names_equal = malloc(sizeof(char) * 256);
+    if (!strcmp(FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME)) {
+        names_equal = "Strings are the same";
+    } else {
+        names_equal = "Strings are different";
+    }
+    solve(8, "Compares two strings",
+          fmtstr("Comparing '%s' to '%s'\nSame?: %s", FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME,
+                 names_equal));
+}
+
+int main() {
+    print_header();
+    c8();
+    return 0;
+}

Spring-2023/CS-2124/Assignment-1/src/C9.c

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+#include "src.h"
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+void c9(){
+    size_t lname_len = strlen(LAST_NAME);
+    char *lower_last = malloc(lname_len);
+
+    // Slightly faster way to memcpy for this purpose, might as well also copy
+    // in the lowercased variant of the source
+    const char *lname = LAST_NAME;
+    char *d = lower_last;
+    while (lname_len--)
+        *d++ = tolower(*lname++);
+
+    solve(9, "Converts string to lowercase",
+          fmtstr("Original String: %s\nLowercased String: %s", LAST_NAME,
+                 lower_last));
+}
+
+int main() {
+    print_header();
+    c9();
+    return 0;
+}

Spring-2023/CS-2124/Assignment-1/src/lib/lib.c

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+// Credit to
+// https://stackoverflow.com/questions/40159892/using-asprintf-on-windows/49873938#49873938
+// with modifications by me
+
+
+#include <stdarg.h> /* needed for va_*         */
+#include <stdio.h>  /* needed for vsnprintf    */
+#include <stdlib.h> /* needed for malloc, free */
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+#include <direct.h>
+#else
+#include <linux/limits.h>
+#endif
+
+int vscprintf(const char *format, va_list ap) {
+    va_list ap_copy;
+    va_copy(ap_copy, ap);
+    int retval = vsnprintf(NULL, 0, format, ap_copy);
+    va_end(ap_copy);
+    return retval;
+}
+
+/*
+ * asprintf, vasprintf:
+ * MSVC does not implement these, thus we implement them here
+ * GNU-C-compatible compilers implement these with the same names, thus we
+ * don't have to do anything
+ */
+int vasprintf(char **strp, const char *format, va_list ap) {
+    int len = vscprintf(format, ap);
+    if (len == -1)
+        return -1;
+    char *str = (char *)malloc((size_t)len + 1);
+    if (!str)
+        return -1;
+    int retval = vsnprintf(str, len + 1, format, ap);
+    if (retval == -1) {
+        free(str);
+        return -1;
+    }
+    *strp = str;
+    return retval;
+}
+
+char* fmtstr(const char *format, ...) {
+    char *str = NULL;
+    va_list ap;
+    va_start(ap, format);
+    vasprintf(&str, format, ap);
+    va_end(ap);
+    return str;
+}
+
+char *get_file_path(char *fname) {
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    char fp[_MAX_PATH];
+    return _fullpath(fp, fname, _MAX_PATH);
+#else
+    char fp[PATH_MAX - 1];
+    return realpath(fname, fp);
+#endif
+}
+
+void solve(int problem_number, char *problem, char *solution) {
+    printf("=========================\n%d.) %s\n"
+           "-------------------------\n"
+           "%s\n\n",
+           problem_number, problem, solution);
+}

Spring-2023/CS-2124/Assignment-1/src/lib/lib.h

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+// Credit to
+// https://stackoverflow.com/questions/40159892/using-asprintf-on-windows/49873938#49873938
+// with modifications by me
+
+#ifndef FMTSTR_H
+#define FMTSTR_H
+
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(_GNU_SOURCE)
+#define _GNU_SOURCE /* needed for (v)asprintf, affects '#include <stdio.h>' */
+#endif
+
+#include <stdarg.h> /* needed for va_*         */
+
+/*
+ * vscprintf:
+ * MSVC implements this as _vscprintf, thus we just 'symlink' it here
+ * GNU-C-compatible compilers do not implement this, thus we implement it here
+ */
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+#define vscprintf _vscprintf
+#endif
+
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+int vasprintf(char **strp, const char *format, va_list ap);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __GNUC__
+int vscprintf(const char *format, va_list ap);
+#endif
+
+char* fmtstr(const char *format, ...);
+char *get_file_path(char *fname);
+void solve(int problem_number, char *problem, char *solution);
+
+#endif

Spring-2023/CS-2124/Assignment-1/src/src.c

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+#include "src.h"
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+void print_header() {
+    printf("%s\n", HEADER_LINE);
+}

Spring-2023/CS-2124/Assignment-1/src/src.h

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+#ifndef SRC_H
+#define SRC_H
+#define FNAME "Price.txt"
+#define FIRST_NAME "Price"
+#define LAST_NAME "Hiller"
+#define LAST_THREE_DIGITS_ABC "106"
+#define HEADER_LINE "Spring 2024 - CS2124 OC3, zfp106"
+#include "lib/lib.h"
+void c1();
+void c2();
+void c3();
+void c4();
+void c5();
+void c6();
+void c7();
+void c8();
+void c9();
+void c10();
+void c11();
+void c12();
+void print_header();
+#endif

Spring-2023/CS-2233/TODO.org

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-* TODO Assignment 1
+* DONE Assignment 1
 DEADLINE: <2024-01-26 Fri> SCHEDULED: <2024-01-25 Thu>
 
 Complete Zybooks section ~1~ and the first homework assignment