feat(CS-2124): finish Assignment 1

This commit is contained in:
Price Hiller 2024-01-28 22:02:25 -06:00
parent 0dbe2bcec9
commit 42a60edbd6
Signed by: Price
SSH Key Fingerprint: SHA256:Y4S9ZzYphRn1W1kbJerJFO6GGsfu9O70VaBSxJO7dF8
38 changed files with 1411 additions and 124 deletions

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#+FILETAGS: :college:cs1011:
** TODO Group Project
SCHEDULED: <2024-01-22 Mon> DEADLINE: <2024-02-02 Fri>
SCHEDULED: <2024-01-28 Sun> DEADLINE: <2024-02-02 Fri>
- Sign up for a Group under the =People= tab in Canvas
- Due in 2 weeks from today

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@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
#+LATEX_HEADER: \usepackage[margin=0.5in]{geometry}
* Assignment 1
ABC123: =zfp106=
Name: =Price Hiller=
Course: =CS2124=
Section: =0C3=
Semester: =Spring 2024=
** Source Code
The full source code for this project can be found at [[https://gitlab.orion-technologies.io/philler/college/-/tree/Development/Spring-2023/CS-2124/Assignment-1?ref_type=heads]]
** Running the Programs
1. Install [[https://cmake.org/download/][cmake]] version 3.25 or greater.
2. Ensure you have recent version of ~make~ at the time of writing. This project successfully
compiles with ~GNU make~ version ~4.4.1~.
3. Go the directory with ~CMakeLists.txt~ and run ~cmake .~ to generate a Makefile.
4. Run ~make all~ to compile all the programs.
5. Go into the newly created ~bin~ directory where all the compiled programs will be output to.
6. Run the programs in sequence, from ~C1~ to ~C12~ to ensure the file operations work as
expected.
** Program Outputs and Question Solutions (C's)
*** C1 (Creation of a new file)
[[./assets/C1-output.png]]
*** C2 (Opening and closing an existing file)
[[./assets/C2-output.png]]
*** C3 (Writing to a file)
[[./assets/C3-output.png]]
*** C4 (Reading from file)
[[./assets/C4-output.png]]
*** C5 (Moving to a specific location in a file (end of file))
[[./assets/C5-output.png]]
*** C6 (Computes string's length and copies one string into another string)
[[./assets/C6-output.png]]
*** C7 (Concatenates(joins) two strings)
[[./assets/C7-output.png]]
*** C8 (Compares two strings)
[[./assets/C8-output.png]]
*** C9 (Converts String to lowercase)
[[./assets/C9-output.png]]
*** C10 (Converts string to uppercase)
[[./assets/C10-output.png]]
*** C11 (Dynamic Memory with Malloc)
[[./assets/C11-output.png]]
*** C12 (Dynamic Memory with Calloc)
[[./assets/C12-output.png]]
*** C13 (Describe the difference between ~malloc~ and ~calloc~)
~malloc~ and ~calloc~ both return a pointer to allocated memory for some purpose. The major
difference is that ~calloc~, by default, will initialize all elements in that allocated memory
to the value ~0~ whereas ~malloc~ does not modify anything in that block of memory before
returning a pointer.
You can achieve a poor man's ~calloc~ by using ~malloc~ with ~memset~ to initialize the
newly returned block of memory to ~0~ yourself. This will almost certainly be slower than most
~calloc~ usages as ~calloc~ "knows" the kernel will return something known as a virtual zero page and
thus will be receiving (on most systems) a chunk of memory that has all its values initialized
to ~0~ by default. Thus ~calloc~ can "know" when it needs to allocate those ~0~'s itself or if
it can skip the process and thereby be faster than ~malloc~ + ~memset~.
*** C14 (Explain pointers and pointers to pointers using code)
**** *_Write code for pointer and use that code to explain pointers in your own words_*
#+BEGIN_SRC c
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
char *str = "Hello";
while (*str != *"\0") {
printf("Pointer Location: %p, Remaining Letters: %s\n", str, str);
str++;
}
}
#+END_SRC
If you run the code above it will output something similar to the following:
#+BEGIN_SRC
Pointer Location: 0x402008, Remaining Letters: Hello
Pointer Location: 0x402009, Remaining Letters: ello
Pointer Location: 0x40200a, Remaining Letters: llo
Pointer Location: 0x40200b, Remaining Letters: lo
Pointer Location: 0x40200c, Remaining Letters: o
#+END_SRC
As you can see we're progressively incrementing the pointer location by one and outputting the
remaining letters from the current pointer location to the end of the string until we hit the
=NULL= character.
The line:
~char *str = "Hello";~
is really a pointer to some location that starts with the letter =H= and ends with a =NULL=
character, =\0=.
By incrementing the pointer by one, we're moving the location it's /pointing/ at by one. After
the first iteration through the while loop the ~*str~ pointer points at the letter ~e~. After
the second iteration, ~*str~ points at ~l~, after the third iteration, ~l~, and so on.
In reality a pointer is something that /points/ to a place in memory. It doesn't contain a
value itself, it merely points to where a value is stored. Hence why the output has the weird
hex codes for =Pointer Location= like =0x402008=. That hex code is a location in memory known
as a /memory address/ that ~*str~, the pointer, points to.
**** *_Write a code for pointer to pointer and use that code to explain pointer to pointer in your own words_*
A pointer to pointer can be seen in the following code:
#+BEGIN_SRC c
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int some_integer = 106;
int *pointer = &some_integer;
int **pointer_to_pointer = &pointer;
printf("Value: %d\nPointer: %p\nPointer to Pointer: %p\n", some_integer, pointer, pointer_to_pointer);
}
#+END_SRC
When we run the above it will output (pointer values may vary):
#+BEGIN_SRC
Value: 106
Pointer: 0x7ffc87ea34d4
Pointer to Pointer: 0x7ffc87ea34c8
#+END_SRC
Notice that the ~pointer~ variable has a different address it points to than
~pointer_to_pointer~.
The ~pointer~ variable points to the memory location of ~some_integer~ and the
~pointer_to_pointer~ variable points to the memory location of where the ~pointer~ variable is
stored.
With the above in mind, we can then think of a pointer to a pointer as a double indirection.
See the following diagram for what this effectively "looks" like:
#+BEGIN_EXAMPLE
Pointer to Pointer ----> Pointer ----> Value
#+END_EXAMPLE
Thus, if we only had the variable ~pointer_to_pointer~ we could access the value all the
pointers ultimately point to with a multiple dereference like so:
#+BEGIN_SRC c
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int some_integer = 106;
int *pointer = &some_integer;
int **pointer_to_pointer = &pointer;
printf("Deref'd Value from Pointer to Pointer: %d\n", **pointer_to_pointer);
}
#+END_SRC
Which will output:
#+BEGIN_SRC
Deref'd Value from Pointer to Pointer: 106
#+END_SRC

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@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
}

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@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main(void)
{
printf("1.) Creation of a new file:\n");
char fname[] = {"p", "r", "i", "c", "e", ".", "t", "x", "t"};
FILE *f = fopen(fname, "w+");
printf("Filename: %s\nLocation: %s\n", fname, realpath(fname, NULL));
}
/**
* @brief Create a new file and output the file name and location of the file to STDOUT
*/
void create_new_file(char* filename) {
}
/**
* @brief Open and close an existing file and output the location of the file to STDOUT
*/
void open_and_close_existing_file() {}
/**
* @brief Open and write
*/
void write_to_a_file() {}

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int main(void)
{
return 0;
}

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#include "src.h"
#include <stdio.h>
void c1() {
FILE *f = fopen(FNAME, "w+");
solve(1, "Creation of a new file",
fmtstr("Filename: %s\nLocation: %s", FNAME, get_file_path(FNAME)));
}
int main() {
print_header();
c1();
return 0;
}

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#include "src.h"
#include <ctype.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
void c10() {
size_t lname_len2 = strlen(LAST_NAME);
char *upper_last = malloc(lname_len2);
const char *lname = LAST_NAME;
char *b = upper_last;
while (lname_len2--)
*b++ = toupper(*lname++);
solve(9, "Converts string to uppercase",
fmtstr("Original String: %s\nUppercased String: %s", LAST_NAME,
upper_last));
}
int main() {
print_header();
c10();
return 0;
}

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#include "src.h"
#include "src.h"
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
void c11() {
int num_elements;
printf("Enter number of elements (Malloc): ");
scanf("%d", &num_elements);
// Allocate the needed memory
int *elements = malloc(sizeof(int) * num_elements);
// Read the values in one by one into the memory
printf("Enter elements:\n");
int *end_addr = elements + num_elements; // Find end of memory region
while (elements < end_addr) {
scanf("%d", elements);
elements++;
}
elements--; // Slight offset to ensure correct alignment of the pointer
printf("\n"); // Insert newline to separator reads from output
// Reset the pointer to the start of the memory region
elements = elements - num_elements;
while (num_elements--) {
elements++;
printf("Memory Address of %d is %p\n", *elements, elements);
}
}
int main() {
print_header();
c11();
return 0;
}

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#include "src.h"
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
void c12() {
int num_elements;
printf("Enter number of elements (Calloc): ");
scanf("%d", &num_elements);
// Allocate the needed memory
int *elements = calloc(num_elements, sizeof(int));
// Read the values in one by one into the memory
printf("Enter elements:\n");
int *end_addr = elements + num_elements; // Find end of memory region
while (elements < end_addr) {
scanf("%d", elements);
elements++;
}
elements--; // Slight offset to ensure correct alignment of the pointer
printf("\n"); // Insert newline to separator reads from output
// Reset the pointer to the start of the memory region
elements = elements - num_elements;
while (num_elements--) {
elements++;
printf("Memory Address of %d is %p\n", *elements, elements);
}
}
int main() {
print_header();
c12();
return 0;
}

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#include "src.h"
#include <stdio.h>
void c2() {
FILE *f = fopen(FNAME, "r");
fclose(f);
solve(
2, "Opening and closing an existing file",
fmtstr("Opened and closed file located at: %s", get_file_path(FNAME)));
}
int main() {
print_header();
c2();
return 0;
}

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#include "src.h"
#include <stdio.h>
void c3() {
FILE *f = fopen(FNAME, "w+");
fprintf(f, "106");
fclose(f);
solve(3, "Writing to a file",
fmtstr("Wrote '106' to: %s", get_file_path(FNAME)));
}
int main() {
print_header();
c3();
return 0;
}

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#include "src.h"
#include <stdio.h>
void c4() {
FILE *f = fopen(FNAME, "r");
int fcontent;
fscanf(f, "%d", &fcontent);
fclose(f);
solve(4, "Reading from file",
fmtstr("Read from file: %s\nContent read: %d", FNAME, fcontent));
}
int main() {
print_header();
c4();
return 0;
}

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#include "src.h"
#include <stdio.h>
void c5() {
FILE *f = fopen(FNAME, "r");
fseek(f, 0L, SEEK_END);
int foffset = ftell(f);
fclose(f);
solve(5, "Moving to a specific location in a file (end of file)",
fmtstr("Location in %s: %d", FNAME, foffset));
}
int main() {
print_header();
c5();
return 0;
}

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#include "src.h"
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
void c6() {
size_t str_len = strlen(FIRST_NAME);
char *newstr = malloc(str_len + 1);
// strcpy is just calling memcpy under
// the hood
memcpy(newstr, FIRST_NAME, str_len + 1);
solve(6,
"Computes string's length and copies one string into another string",
fmtstr("String: %s, Location %p\nLength: %d\nCopied String: %s, Location: %p", FIRST_NAME, &FIRST_NAME,
str_len, newstr, &newstr));
}
int main() {
print_header();
c6();
return 0;
}

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#include "src.h"
#include <string.h>
void c7() {
char concat_str[strlen(FIRST_NAME) + strlen(LAST_NAME)];
strcpy(concat_str, FIRST_NAME);
strcat(concat_str, " ");
strcat(concat_str, LAST_NAME);
solve(7, "Concatenates(joins) two strings",
fmtstr("First & Last Name Concatenated: %s", concat_str));
}
int main() {
print_header();
c7();
return 0;
}

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#include "src.h"
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
void c8() {
char *names_equal = malloc(sizeof(char) * 256);
if (!strcmp(FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME)) {
names_equal = "Strings are the same";
} else {
names_equal = "Strings are different";
}
solve(8, "Compares two strings",
fmtstr("Comparing '%s' to '%s'\nSame?: %s", FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME,
names_equal));
}
int main() {
print_header();
c8();
return 0;
}

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#include "src.h"
#include <ctype.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
void c9(){
size_t lname_len = strlen(LAST_NAME);
char *lower_last = malloc(lname_len);
// Slightly faster way to memcpy for this purpose, might as well also copy
// in the lowercased variant of the source
const char *lname = LAST_NAME;
char *d = lower_last;
while (lname_len--)
*d++ = tolower(*lname++);
solve(9, "Converts string to lowercase",
fmtstr("Original String: %s\nLowercased String: %s", LAST_NAME,
lower_last));
}
int main() {
print_header();
c9();
return 0;
}

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// Credit to
// https://stackoverflow.com/questions/40159892/using-asprintf-on-windows/49873938#49873938
// with modifications by me
#include <stdarg.h> /* needed for va_* */
#include <stdio.h> /* needed for vsnprintf */
#include <stdlib.h> /* needed for malloc, free */
#ifdef _MSC_VER
#include <direct.h>
#else
#include <linux/limits.h>
#endif
int vscprintf(const char *format, va_list ap) {
va_list ap_copy;
va_copy(ap_copy, ap);
int retval = vsnprintf(NULL, 0, format, ap_copy);
va_end(ap_copy);
return retval;
}
/*
* asprintf, vasprintf:
* MSVC does not implement these, thus we implement them here
* GNU-C-compatible compilers implement these with the same names, thus we
* don't have to do anything
*/
int vasprintf(char **strp, const char *format, va_list ap) {
int len = vscprintf(format, ap);
if (len == -1)
return -1;
char *str = (char *)malloc((size_t)len + 1);
if (!str)
return -1;
int retval = vsnprintf(str, len + 1, format, ap);
if (retval == -1) {
free(str);
return -1;
}
*strp = str;
return retval;
}
char* fmtstr(const char *format, ...) {
char *str = NULL;
va_list ap;
va_start(ap, format);
vasprintf(&str, format, ap);
va_end(ap);
return str;
}
char *get_file_path(char *fname) {
#ifdef _WIN32
char fp[_MAX_PATH];
return _fullpath(fp, fname, _MAX_PATH);
#else
char fp[PATH_MAX - 1];
return realpath(fname, fp);
#endif
}
void solve(int problem_number, char *problem, char *solution) {
printf("=========================\n%d.) %s\n"
"-------------------------\n"
"%s\n\n",
problem_number, problem, solution);
}

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// Credit to
// https://stackoverflow.com/questions/40159892/using-asprintf-on-windows/49873938#49873938
// with modifications by me
#ifndef FMTSTR_H
#define FMTSTR_H
#if defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(_GNU_SOURCE)
#define _GNU_SOURCE /* needed for (v)asprintf, affects '#include <stdio.h>' */
#endif
#include <stdarg.h> /* needed for va_* */
/*
* vscprintf:
* MSVC implements this as _vscprintf, thus we just 'symlink' it here
* GNU-C-compatible compilers do not implement this, thus we implement it here
*/
#ifdef _MSC_VER
#define vscprintf _vscprintf
#endif
#ifdef _MSC_VER
int vasprintf(char **strp, const char *format, va_list ap);
#endif
#ifdef __GNUC__
int vscprintf(const char *format, va_list ap);
#endif
char* fmtstr(const char *format, ...);
char *get_file_path(char *fname);
void solve(int problem_number, char *problem, char *solution);
#endif

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#include "src.h"
#include <stdio.h>
void print_header() {
printf("%s\n", HEADER_LINE);
}

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#ifndef SRC_H
#define SRC_H
#define FNAME "Price.txt"
#define FIRST_NAME "Price"
#define LAST_NAME "Hiller"
#define LAST_THREE_DIGITS_ABC "106"
#define HEADER_LINE "Spring 2024 - CS2124 OC3, zfp106"
#include "lib/lib.h"
void c1();
void c2();
void c3();
void c4();
void c5();
void c6();
void c7();
void c8();
void c9();
void c10();
void c11();
void c12();
void print_header();
#endif

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@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
* TODO Assignment 1
* DONE Assignment 1
DEADLINE: <2024-01-26 Fri> SCHEDULED: <2024-01-25 Thu>
Complete Zybooks section ~1~ and the first homework assignment